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Turkey was one of the original signatories to the 1951 Refugee Convention.

However, Turkey adopted the Convention with a “geographical-limitation.”

This means that Turkey assumes full responsibility for refugees coming from countries that are members of the Council of Europe. For those coming from outside of this zone, Turkey may grant limited protection in the form of one of many temporary statuses (conditional refugee status, humanitarian residence permit, or temporary protection). This means that individuals qualifying for international protection may be granted an ability to stay in Turkey and not be subject to return to their home country, but must ultimately find a long-term solution outside Turkey. They do not have the ability to integrate into Turkish society.

The Turkish Parliament passed new landmark legislation, the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LRIP), in April 2013, The new law went into effect in April 2014.

The new law made a number of changes to the asylum system in Turkey, mainly with regard to legal procedures and bureaucracy. The ultimate character of the system, however, has not changed. The geographical limitation remains in place under the new law, leaving most refugees with no long-term solution in Turkey.

Status based on circumstances

Asylum-seekers in Turkey apply to the Turkish government (to the Directorate General for Migration Management) for international protection. Depending on their circumstances and country of origin, they may be eligible to apply to the UNHCR.

Non-Syrians

Non-Syrian, non-European applicants ar eeligible to apply to the UNHCR. The UNHCR carries out refugee status determination (RSD) procedures for this population. If recognized as a refugee under UNHCR’s mandate, the UNHCR will attempt to resettle that individual or family to a third country.

This process is lengthy. UNHCR’s operation is not equipped for the amount of asylum-seekers currently applying in Turkey. Therefore, individuals generally wait years for the RSD procedure to be completed. If eligible for resettlement, the process takes even longer.

While refugees wait they do not have very good access to services. They do not generally have the right to work. This makes the experience of seeking asylum in Turkey a very difficult one.

Syrians

Individuals coming from Syria fall under Temporary Protection under the LFIP. Syrian nationals apply to the Turkish government and do not undergo individual status determination with UNHCR. Based on vulnerabilities and other criteria, Syrians may be referred by the government for resettlement to a third country.

Numbers

In 2006, there were a total of 4,550 individual applications made for asylum in Turkey. In 2011, that number stood at 16,000. In 2013, it was 44,800. By 2014 it reached 82,000. And in the first 10 months of 2015 the number of new applications in Turkey was 114,000. These figures does not include Syrians (see our Syrians in Turkey info page for more info). The new applicants, combined with other pre-existing populations and new-comers who have not been able to register yet, come to a total of approximately 240,000 individuals as of late 2015.

Where do refugees in Turkey come from?

Turkey hosts refugees from Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Somalia, and other countries.

Learn more about these populations of concern and the situation they face in Turkey on each of their country pages.

Πηγη: http://www.refugeesolidaritynetwork.org/learn-more/turkey-asylum-basics/